Xigasho: Xanaanada Xoolaha Shisheeye, Doofaarka iyo Digaagga, No.01,2019

Abstract: Warqadani waxay soo bandhigaysaa adeegsigaantibiyootiga wax soo saarka digaagga, iyo saamaynta ay ku leedahay waxqabadka wax soo saarka digaagga, shaqada difaaca, flora mindhicirka, tayada wax soo saarka digaagga, haraaga daroogada iyo caabbinta daroogada, iyo falanqeeyaan rajada codsiga iyo jihada horumarinta mustaqbalka ee antibiyootikada ee warshadaha digaagga.

Erayada muhiimka ah: antibiyootiga; digaag; waxqabadka wax soo saarka; shaqada difaaca; haraaga daroogada; caabbinta daroogada

Jaantuska Dhexe No.: S831 koodka astaanta dukumeentiga: C Qodobka No.: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Daawooyinka antibiyootiga ama dawooyinka bakteeriyada waxay joojin karaan oo dili karaan jeermiska bakteeriyada tiro yar. 1990-meeyadii, cilmi baarista dawooyinka lidka ku ah bakteeriyada ee warshadaha digaaga ayaa ka bilaabmay Shiinaha. Hadda, in ka badan 20 antibiyootiko ah ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalay, iyagoo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraya horumarinta digaagga iyo ka hortagga iyo xakameynta cudurrada. Horumarka cilmi-baarista ee saameynta antibiyootiga ee digaagga ayaa loo soo bandhigay sida soo socota.

1; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee waxqabadka wax soo saarka digaagga

Jaallaha, dynamycin, zinc bacidin, amamycin, iwm, ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si kor loogu qaado korriinka, farsamadu waa: joojinta ama dilka bakteeriyada xiidmaha digaaga, waxay xannibaysaa faafitaanka bakteeriyada waxyeellada leh ee mindhicirka, yaraynta dhacdooyinka; ka dhig derbiga xiidmaha ee dhuuban, kor u qaadida xabka xiidmaha, dardargelinta nuugista nafaqooyinka; waxay joojiyaan koritaanka microbial mindhicirka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa, yareeyaan isticmaalka microbial ee nafaqooyinka iyo tamarta, iyo kordhinta helitaanka nafaqo ee digaagga; joojinta bakteeriyada waxyeelada leh ee mindhicirka waxay soo saartaa dheef-shiid kiimikaad waxyeello leh [2].Anshengying et al waxay ku dartay antibiyootiga si ay u quudiyaan chicks beedka, taas oo kordhisay miisaankooda 6.24% dhamaadka muddada tijaabada, waxayna hoos u dhigtay inta jeer ee shubanka [3].Wan Jianmei et al waxay ku dartay qiyaaso kala duwan oo ah Virginamycin iyo enricamycin ee cuntada aasaasiga ah ee 1-maalin jir broilers AA, taas oo si weyn u kordhisay celceliska miisaanka maalinlaha ah ee 11 ilaa 20 maalmood. broilers iyo celceliska quudinta maalinlaha ah ee broilers jira 22 ilaa 41 maalmood; ku darista flavamycin (5 mg/kg/kg) waxay si wayn u kordhisay celceliska korodhka miisaanka maalinlaha ah ee 22 ilaa 41-day broilers.Ni Jiang et al. lagu daray 4 mg / kg lincomycin iyo 50 mg / kg zinc; iyo 20 mg / kg colistin ee 26 d, taas oo si weyn u kordhisay korodhka miisaanka maalinlaha ah [5].Wang Manhong et al. ku daray enlamycin, bacracin zinc iyo naceptide for 42, d siday u kala horreeyaan 1-maalin jir cuntada digaaga AA, kaas oo lahaa saamayn wayn oo kor u qaadida koritaanka, iyadoo celceliska miisaanka maalin kasta kordhay iyo quudinta qaadashada kordhay, iyo saamiga hilibka ayaa hoos u dhacay [6].

2; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee shaqada difaaca ee digaagga

Shaqada difaaca ee xoolaha iyo digaaga ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara kor u qaadida iska caabinta cudurka iyo yaraynta dhacdooyinka cudurada Nidaamkeeda difaaca jirka waa: si toos ah u disha microorganisms mindhicirka ama xannibaya korriimadooda, yaraynta kicinta epithelium mindhicirka iyo unugyada lymphoid xiidmaha, sidaas awgeed hoos u dhigista xaaladda firfircoonida ee habka difaaca jirka; faragelinta isku-dhafka immunoglobulin; hoos u dhigista phagocytosis unugga; iyo yaraynta dhaqdhaqaaqa mitotic ee lymphocytes jirka [7].Jin Jiushan et al. waxa lagu daray 0.06%, 0.010% iyo 0.15% of chloramphenicol 2 ilaa 60 days old broilers, taas oo saamayn wayn ku leh xanuunka xiiqdiga digaaga iyo xummadda tayfoodhka avian, laakiin waxa ay si wayn u joojisay oo daciifisay [8] xubnaha, dhuuxa iyo hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al waxay quudiyeen broilers 1-maalmood ah cunto ay ku jiraan 150 mg / kg goldomycin, iyo miisaanka thymus, beeryarada iyo bursaha ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay [9] da'da 42 maalmood. Guo Xinhua et al. ku daray 150 mg / kg gilomycin ee quudinta ragga 1-day-jirka ah, si weyn u xannibaya horumarinta xubnaha sida bursa, jawaabta difaaca humoral, iyo heerka beddelka ee T lymphocytes iyo B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. la quudiyay 4 mg / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg iyo 20 mg / kg broilers siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo index bursac iyo index thymus iyo index splin si weyn isuma beddelin. Qarsoodi IgA ee qayb kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda kooxood ayaa si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay, iyo qadarka serum IgM ee kooxda bactereracin zinc ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay [5] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Jia Yugang et al. waxaa lagu daray 50 mg / kg oo gilomycin ah cunto 1-maalin jir ah oo ragga ah si loo kordhiyo qadarka immunoglobulin IgG iyo IgM ee digaagga Tibetan, kor loogu qaado sii deynta cytokine IL-2, IL-4 iyo INF-in serum, oo sidaas awgeed kor loogu qaado shaqada difaaca [11], lid ku ah daraasadaha kale.

3; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee dhirta xiidmaha digaaga

Waxaa jira microorganisms kala duwan oo ku jira habka dheefshiidka ee digaagga caadiga ah, kuwaas oo ilaaliya dheelitirka firfircoon iyada oo loo marayo isdhexgalka, kaas oo ku habboon koritaanka iyo horumarinta digaagga.Ka dib isticmaalka ballaaran ee antibiyootiga, dhimashada iyo dhimista bakteeriyada xasaasiga ah ee habka dheef-shiidka ayaa dhibaya. Qaabka xaddidaadda wadaagga ah ee u dhexeeya dhirta bakteeriyada, taasoo keentay infekshanno cusub. Sida walax si wax ku ool ah u joojin karta microorganisms, daawooyinka bakteeriyada waxay joojin karaan oo dili karaan dhammaan microorganisms digaagga, kuwaas oo u horseedi kara khalkhal dheefshiidka oo sababi kara cudurrada habka dheef-shiidka.Tong Jianming et al. lagu daray 100 mg / kg gilomycin cuntada aasaasiga ah ee digaaga AA 1-maalin jir ah, tirada Lactobacillus iyo bifidobacterium ee malawadka 7 maalmood ayaa aad uga yar kooxda kantaroolka, ma jirin farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya tirada labada bakteeriyada. 14 maalmood kadib; Tirada Escherichia coli waxay si aad ah uga yarayd kooxda xakamaynta ee 7,14,21 iyo 28 days, iyo [12] oo leh kooxda xakamaynta ka dib. Tijaabada Zhou Yanmin et al ayaa muujisay in antibiyootiga si weyn u xakameynaya jejunum, E. coli iyo Salmonella, waxayna si weyn u joojisay faafinta Lactobacillus [13].Ma Yulong et al. la quudiyo 1-maalin jir cunto soybean hadhuudh ah oo lagu kabay 50 mg/kg aureomycin ilaa AA chicks 42 d, taasoo yaraynaysa tirada Clostridium enterica iyo E. coli, laakiin ma soo saarin wax la taaban karo [14] wadarta bakteeriyada aerobic, wadarta bakteeriyada anaerobic. iyo Lactobacillus nambarada.Wu opan et al waxay ku dartay 20 mg/kg Virginiamycin cuntada digaaga AA 1-maalin jirta, taas oo hoos u dhigtay polymorphism of flora mindhicirka, taas oo hoos u 14-maalin jir ah ileal iyo xargaha cecal, oo muujiyay farqi weyn oo u eg khariidad bakteeriyada [15] in saameynteeda xakameynta L. lactis ee mindhicirka yar, laakiin waxay si weyn u dhimi kartaa tirada L. [16] ee malawadka.Lei Xinjian ayaa ku daray 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;; Bactereracin zinc iyo 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin siday u kala horreeyaan, taas oo si weyn hoos u dhigtay tirada cechia coli iyo Lactobacillus ee broilers 42-maalmood.Yin Luyao et al ayaa ku daray 0.1 g / kg ee bacracin zinc premix 70 d, taas oo hoos u dhigtay tirada badan ee Bakteeriyada waxyeelada leh ee ku jirta cecum, laakiin tirada badan ee bakteeriyada cecum ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacday [18]. Dhowr warbixinood oo liddi ku ah in ku darida 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element ay si weyn u kordhin karto tirada bifidobacteria [19] ee ku jira maaddooyinka cecal ee broilers 21-maalmood jira.

4; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee tayada alaabta digaaga

Tayada digaaga iyo ukunta waxay si dhow ula xiriiraan qiimaha nafaqada, iyo saameynta antibiyootiga ee tayada alaabta digaaga waa mid aan habooneyn. 60 maalmood, ku darida 5 mg / kg ee 60 d waxay kordhin kartaa heerka luminta biyaha muruqa waxayna hoos u dhigtaa heerka Hilibka la kariyey, iyo kordhinta waxa ku jira asiidh dufan ah oo aan dhadhan lahayn, polyunsaturated acids fatty acids iyo acids dufanka muhiimka ah ee la xidhiidha macaanka iyo macaanka, taas oo muujinaysa in antibiyootiga ay leeyihiin wax yar oo xun. saameyn ku leh sifooyinka jireed ee tayada hilibka waxayna wanaajin kartaa dhadhanka [20] digaagga ilaa xad.Wan Jianmei et al wuxuu ku daray virinamycin iyo enlamycin ee 1-maalin jir ah cuntada digaaga AA, taas oo aan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan waxqabadka gawraca. ama tayada muruqa, iyo flavamycin waxay hoos u dhigtay dhibicda dhibicda ee [4] ee muruqa xabadka digaaga. Laga soo bilaabo 0.03% gilomycin ilaa 56 maalmood da'da, heerka gawraca ayaa kordhay 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, heerka murqaha xabadka 8.76%,iyo heerka dufanka caloosha 19.82% [21]. 19.00%, iyo xoogga xiiridda pectoral iyo khasaaraha dhibicda ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigay [22].Yang Minxin quudin. 45 mg / kg gilomycin ilaa 1-maalin jir cunto aasaasiga ah ee broilers AA waxay si weyn u yaraysay luminta cadaadiska muruqyada xabadka waxayna si weyn u korodhay [23] oo leh T-SOD firfircoonida iyo heerarka T-AOC ee muruqyada lugaha. Daraasada Zou Qiang et al waqti isku mid ah quudinta hababka taranta kala duwan ayaa muujiyay in qiimaha ogaanshaha masticatory ee anti-qafiska gushi naaska digaaga ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay; laakiin jilicsanaanta iyo dhadhanka ayaa ka fiicnaaday natiijada qiimeynta dareenka ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay [24].Liu Wenlong et al. Waxaa la ogaaday in wadarta cadadka maaddooyinka dhadhanka kacsan, aldehydes, alkohols iyo ketones ay aad uga sarreeyaan digaagga nooca xorta ah marka loo eego digaagga guriga. Taranta iyada oo aan lagu darin antibiyootiga waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa nuxurka dhadhanka [25] ee ukunta in ka badan antibiyootiga.

5; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee hadhaaga alaabta digaaga

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha waxay raacaan danaha hal dhinac ah, iyo ku xadgudubka antibiyootiga waxay keenaysaa kororka sii kordhaya ee haraaga antibiyootiga ee alaabta digaaga.Wang Chunyan et al waxay ogaadeen in haraaga tetracycline ee digaaga iyo ukunta ay ahayd 4.66 mg / kg iyo 7.5 mg / kg siday u kala horreeyaan, heerka ogaanshaha wuxuu ahaa 33.3% iyo 60%; Haraaga ugu badan ee streptomycin ee ukumaha wuxuu ahaa 0.7 mg / kg heerka ogaanshahana wuxuu ahaa 20% [26].Wang Chunlin et al. quudin cunto tamar sare leh oo lagu kabay 50 mg/kg oo gilmomycin ilaa digaag 1-maalmood jira. Digaag ayaa hadhaaga gilomycin ee beerka iyo kelyaha, oo leh xaddiga ugu badan ee [27] ee beerka. 12 d ka dib, hadhaaga gilmycin ee muruqa laabta ayaa ka yaraa 0.10 g / g (xadka ugu badan ee haraaga); iyo hadhaaga beerka iyo kelyaha 23 d siday u kala horreeyaan;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; wuxuu ka hooseeyaa xadka ugu badnaan ee haraaga ah [28] kadib 28 d.Lin Xiaohua waxay la mid tahay 173 xabo oo xoolo iyo hilib digaag ah oo laga soo ururiyay Guangzhou 2006 ilaa 2008, heerka dhaafka wuxuu ahaa 21.96%, nuxurkuna wuxuu ahaa 0.16 mg / kg ~ 9.54 mg / kg [29].Yan Xiaofeng ayaa go'aamiyay hadhaaga shan Antibiyootigyada tetracycline ee 50 xabbo oo ukun ah, waxayna ogaadeen in tetracycline iyo doxycycline ay hadhaaga [30] ku leeyihiin muunadaha ukunta.Chen Lin et al. waxay muujisay in kordhinta wakhtiga daroogada, ururinta antibiyootiga ee muruqa laabta, muruqa lugaha iyo beerka, amoxicillin iyo antibiyootiga, amoxicillin iyo Doxycycline ee ukunta u adkaysata, iyo in ka badan [31] ukunta u adkaysata.Qiu Jinli et al. waxaa la siiyay 250 mg/L broilers maalmo kala duwan;;; iyo 333 mg / L oo ah 50% hydrochloride budada milmida hal mar maalintii 5 d, ugu badan ee unugyada beerka iyo hadhaaga ugu sareeya ee beerka iyo muruqa ee ka hooseeya [32] ka dib 5 d.

6; Saamaynta antibiyootiga ee caabbinta daroogada ee digaaga

Isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee muddada dheer ee antibiyootiga ee xoolaha iyo digaaga waxay soo saari doontaa bakteeriyo badan oo u adkaysata dawada, si dhammaan flora microbial pathogenic ay si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelaan jihada caabbinta daroogada [33]. Bakteeriyada ka soo baxda digaaga ayaa aad u sii dareysa, noocyada u adkeysiga daawada ayaa sii kordhaya, daawada caabbinta daawada ayaa aad u sii ballaaranaysa, dareenka antibiyootiga ayaa hoos u dhacaya, taas oo keeneysa dhibaatooyin ka hortagga cudurrada iyo xakamaynta.Liu Jinhua iyo al. Noocyada 116 S. aureus ee ka go'doomay qaar ka mid ah beeraha digaaga ee Beijing iyo Hebei waxay heleen heerar kala duwan oo iska caabin ah daroogada, inta badan iska caabin badan, iyo daawada u adkaysata S. aureus waxay leedahay isbeddel sii kordhaya sanadba sanadka ka dambeeya [34].Zhang Xiuying et al. 25 ka mid ah noocyada Salmonella ee ka soo jeeda qaar ka mid ah beeraha digaaga ee Jiangxi, Liaoning iyo Guangdong, ayaa kaliya u nugul kanamycin iyo ceftriaxone, iyo heerarka iska caabbinta nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin iyo fluoroquinolones qaar ayaa ka weyn. 35].Xue Yuan et al. Waxaa la ogaaday in 30 E. coli oo ku go'doonsan Harbin ay dareen kala duwan u lahaayeen 18 antibiyootik, iska caabin daran oo dhowr ah oo dawooyinka ah, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin iyo ciprofloxacin waxay ahaayeen 100%, aadna ugu nugul [36] amtreonam, amomycin iyo polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen iyo al. 10 nooc oo streptococcus ah oo ka soo go'ay xubnaha digaaga ee dhintay, oo gebi ahaanba u adkaysta nalidixic acid iyo lomesloxacin, aad bay ugu nugul yihiin kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin iyo meloxicillin, waxayna leeyihiin iska caabin gaar ah [37] antibiyootiko kale oo badan. 72 nooc oo jejuni ah ayaa leh heerar kala duwan oo iska caabin ah quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ayaa aad u adkeysi leh, penicillin, sulfonamide waa iska caabin dhexdhexaad ah, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides waa iska caabin hoose [38]

Si loo soo koobo, isticmaalka antibiyootiga ee warshadaha digaaga waxay hagaajin karaan waxqabadka wax soo saarka, waxay yareeyaan cudurka, laakiin isticmaalka muddada dheer iyo isticmaalka badan ee antibiyootiga ma aha oo kaliya inay saameeyaan shaqada difaaca iyo dheelitirka micro ecological mindhicirka, waxay yareeyaan tayada hilibka iyo dhadhanka, at the Isla mar ahaantaana soo saari doona caabbinta bakteeriyada iyo haraaga daroogooyinka hilibka iyo ukunta, waxay saameeyaan ka-hortagga iyo xakamaynta cudurada digaaga iyo badbaadada cuntada, waxyeello u geysata caafimaadka aadanaha 2017, Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka wuxuu ku baaqay in la joojiyo antibiyootiga si kor loogu qaado ka-hortagga cudurrada iyo koritaanka caafimaadka leh ee xayawaanka. Sidaa darteed, waa isbeddelka guud ee si firfircoon loo fuliyo cilmi-baarista. oo ka mid ah beddelka antibiyootiga, oo lagu daro codsiga tillaabooyinka kale ee maaraynta iyo teknoolajiyada, iyo kor u qaadida horumarinta taranta ka hortagga adkaysiga, taas oo sidoo kale noqon doonta jihada horumarinta warshadaha digaagga mustaqbalka.

Tixraacyo: (39 maqaal, laga saaray)